How is cash-on-cash calculated?

Annual cash flow after all costs, divided by cash invested (deposit + fees).

What occupancy rate is normal?

95%+ for well-run single-lets, 92%+ for HMOs.

0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90+ days — the older the arrears, the harder to recover.

A weighted % across all certificates and licences — Landvale surfaces it live.

Continuously — Landvale's dashboard is live, not monthly.

Yes — Landvale shows regional benchmarks anonymously.

Compliance score below 90% — the fastest indicator of fine exposure.

The KPIs that separate professional landlords from amateurs.

The Landvale Team·Updated 1 July 2026·6 min read

Key takeaways

Net yield beats gross yield every time.

Cash-on-cash ROI is the leveraged-return metric that matters.

Occupancy rate is the leading indicator of everything else.

Arrears ageing exposes tenant risk before defaults hit.

Compliance score is now a first-class KPI, not a checkbox.

•Net yield (%) — annual rent net of costs, over property value.

•Cash-on-cash ROI (%) — annual cash flow over cash invested.

•Occupancy rate (%) — occupied months / total months.

•Arrears ageing (£) — arrears bucketed 0–30, 30–60, 60+ days.

•Compliance score (%) — weighted score across all certificates.

Landvale calculates all five KPIs live from your bank feed, ledger and certificate vault — per property, per portfolio, updated on every transaction.

In the UK, 5%+ net is strong for BTL, 8%+ for HMO.